Ontology of Folksonomy

review some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies.

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Taxonomies limit the dimensions along which one can make distinctions, and local choices at the leaves are constrained by global categorizations in the branches.

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Folksonomies are massively dimensional (one dimension per potential term, as in full-text indexing), and there is no global consistency imposed by current practice.

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The attack on "ontology" is really an attack on top down categorization as a way of finding and organizing information,

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For the task of finding information, taxonomies are too rigid and purely text-based search is too weak. Tags introduce distributed human intelligence into the system.

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I want to join forces with my colleagues in the tagging community [11] to help build the infrastructure that will enable my system to interoperate in an ecosystem of data sources, services, agents, and tools that combine and add value to the tagging done by all these users. How do we do this? You guessed: create an ontology for folksonomy.

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Collaborative tagging across multiple applications

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agging across various and varied applications, both existent and to be created, requires that we make it possible to exchange, compare, and reason about the tag data without any one application owning the "tag space" or folksonomy.

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Collaborative filtering based on tagging

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If some spammer has attempted to hijack the popular tag, I want the masses to reject him with their tagging.

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ut we can build the substrate for an ecosystem of tagging that will lets us innovate and work toward the vision of an open tagosphere. I argue that ontology is core to this effect. We identify a common conceptualization, and work out a specification at the semantic level. We identify and build systems that commit to the specifications at various levels of commitment, and hook up the ecosystem.

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A Tag Ontology - some design considerations

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TagOntology

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he TagOntology is about identifying and formalizing a conceptualization of the activity of tagging, and building technology that commits to the ontology at the semantic level

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From the user's point of view, tagging is an activity in which you label some content you create or experience with one or more labels, or tags.

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Tagging(object, tag, tagger)

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Tagging(Object1, tag1, tagger1, source1)

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whether one can tag a tag

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metatagging

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collaborative filtering of "bad" tags from spammers.

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this requires negative tagging - asserting that a tag should not apply to an object

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Tagging(object, tag, tagger, source, + or -)

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Finally, the ontology needs formal definitions of identity for each of its core concepts: object, tag, tagger, and source

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The Semantic Web (and RDF) offers a convenient pattern for registering namespaces using URIs

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Recently the two ideas [ ontology + folksonomy ] have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This piece is an attempt to shed some cool light on the subject, and to preview some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies. (Note: this is not about developing a common folksonomy - a common set of words to use when tagging. For example, the ontology will not include terms for labeling documents as about science or business; it will not be for modeling particular domains such as geography or photography.) The TagOntology is about identifying and formalizing a conceptualization of the activity of tagging, and building technology that commits to the ontology at the semantic level.

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This piece is an attempt to shed some cool light on the subject, and to preview some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies.

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Tom Gruber tomgruber.org and RealTravel.com Summary Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by formal terms used in data that they might generate or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the social web. They are created as people associate terms with content that they generate or consume. Recently the two ideas have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This piece is an attempt to shed some cool light on the subject, and to preview some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies.

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Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by the terms used in data that they might generate, share, or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the Social Web. They arise from data about how people associate terms with content that they generate, share, or consume.

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Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by the terms used in data that they might generate, share, or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the Social Web. They arise from data about how people associate terms with content that they generate, share, or consume. Recently the two ideas have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This is a false dichotomy; they are more like apples and oranges. In fact, as the Semantic Web matures and the Social Web grows, there is increasing value in applying Semantic Web technologies to the data of the Social Web. This article is an attempt to clarify the distinct roles for ontologies and folksonomies, and previews some new work that applies the two ideas together - an ontology of folksonomy.

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Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web.

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Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by the terms used in data that they might generate, share, or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the Social Web. They arise from data about how people associate terms with content that they generate, share, or consume. Recently the two ideas have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This is a false dichotomy; they are more like apples and oranges. In fact, as the Semantic Web matures and the Social Web grows, there is increasing value in applying Semantic Web technologies to the data of the Social Web. This article is an attempt to clarify the distinct roles for ontologies and folksonomies, and previews some new work that applies the two ideas together - an ontology of folksonomy.

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Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the Social Web.

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They arise from data about how people associate terms with content that they generate, share, or consume.

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This article is an attempt to clarify the distinct roles for ontologies and folksonomies, and previews some new work that applies the two ideas together - an ontology of folksonomy.

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identify some common conceptualization of the data

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In the context of the Semantic Web, "ontology" is an enabling technology -- a layer of the enabling infrastructure -- for information sharing and manipulation. The approach is simple: parties who have software/data/services to offer identify some common conceptualization of the data; they specify that conceptualization as clearly they can; they build systems that interoperate on those specifications.

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"tagging" with keywords the content they created or encountered

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folksonomy

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the emergent labeling of lots of things by people in a social context.

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Hence the term "folksonomy" - the emergent labeling of lots of things by people in a social context.

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For bookmarking, tagging helps to counter the spam-induced noise in search engines, and for photo sharing, tagging gives those text-based search engines a fighting chance.

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Clay Shirky (2005) makes the argument that "ontology is overrated" and tags are "a radical break with previous categorization strategies...much more organic ways of organizing information than our current categorization schemes allow.

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Dewey Decimal System

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categorization as a way of finding and organizing information

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As others have pointed out, Google's revolution in search quality began when it incorporated a measure of "popular" acclaim -- the hyperlink -- as evidence that a page ought to be associated with a query.

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create an ontology for folksonomy

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The attack on "ontology" is really an attack on top down categorization as a way of finding and organizing information, and the praise for folksonomy is really the observation that we now have an entirely new source of data for finding and organizing information: user participation.

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The only problem with the anti-ontology blog, is, as my friend put it: "He misses the point ... so beautifully."

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The problem is that the blog, like much of the popular writing on ontology, confuses ontology-as-specified-conceptualization with a very narrow form of specification (the taxonomic classification) and a very specific methodology for agreeing on a conceptualization (centrally controlled categorization).

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The attack on "ontology" is really an attack on top down categorization as a way of finding and organizing information, and the praise for folksonomy is really the observation that we now have an entirely new source of data for finding and organizing information: user participation.

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As others have pointed out, Google's revolution in search quality began when it incorporated a measure of "popular" acclaim -- the hyperlink -- as evidence that a page ought to be associated with a query.

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Tags introduce distributed human intelligence into the system.

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When the early webmasters were manually creating directories of interesting sites relevant to their interests, they were implicitly "voting with their links." Today, as the adopters of tagging systems enthusiastically label their bookmarks and photos, they are implicitly voting with their tags. This is, indeed, "radical" in the political sense, and clearly a source of power to exploit.

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You guessed: create an ontology for folksonomy.

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Let's start by clarifying our purposes. After all, this is an engineering design effort -- not an exercise in categorizing the world's content. Consider two use cases.

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This means that there must be some way of reasoning about the equivalence or relationship among tagging data across applications.

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I tag it with the labels that categorize my trip for travel ("adventure" "culture" "diving" etc.) and the travel site can tag it automatically with things like the places I visited ("Bali" "Ubud" etc.) and my screen name.

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Tagging across various and varied applications, both existent and to be created, requires that we make it possible to exchange, compare, and reason about the tag data without any one application owning the "tag space" or folksonomy.

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Use Case 2: Collaborative Filtering Based on Tagging

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Google is great, but it takes work sorting through all the noise.

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Again, this use case requires that there be a common conceptualization of what tagging means and at least some way for a service to correlate or connect tag data from one application to another.

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A Tag Ontology - some design considerations

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on 2006-11-13 by dermotte

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